Durational variation in Polish fricatives provides evidence for hybrid models of phonology

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ICPhS :: August 9th, 2019

<i class="fas  fa-paper-plane "></i> kamil.kazmierski@wa.amu.edu.pl
<br><i class="fas  fa-link "></i> wa.amu.edu.pl/wa/kazmierski_kamil

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# Neighborhood density vs. phonotactic probability

- Spoken-word recognition .ref[(Vitevitch & Luce 1998)]:

- Higher neighborhood density → Slower recognition (lexical effect)

- Higher phonotactic probability → Faster recognition (sublexical effect)
    
   - Both lexical and sublexical effects → support for hybrid phonology .ref[(Pierrehumbert 2002)]
    
- Do these effects have consequences for the acoustics of speech production?

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# Neighborhood density

No. of lexemes created by removal, addition, or substitution of a single phoneme

## Low: *więc* .ipa[/vjɛnt͡s/] 'therefore'

- removal: *wiec* .ipa[/vjɛt͡s/]
- addition: Ø
- substitution: Ø

]

## High: *stałe* .ipa[/ˈstawɛ/] 'constant'

- *stał* .ipa[/staw/]
- *stałeś* .ipa[/ˈstawɛɕ/], *stałem* .ipa[/ˈstawɛm/]
- *stare* .ipa[/ˈstarɛ/], *stale* .ipa[/ˈstalɛ/], *stała* <br>  .ipa[/ˈstawa/], *stało* .ipa[/ˈstawɔ/]

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# Phonotactic probability

Sum of log frequencies of diphones across the corpus .ref[(Vitevitch & Luce 2004)]

## Low: *chcą* .ipa[/xt͡sɔw̃/] 'they want'

- .ipa[.ref[xt͡s]ɛ], .ipa[.ref[xt͡s]ɛʂ]
- Ø

]

- .ipa[.ref[vj]ɛɕtɕ, .ref[vj]ast, .ref[vj]ɔzɛ, .ref[vj]ɛm, .ref[vj]ɛmɨ], ...
- .ipa[b.ref[jɛ]da, z.ref[jɛ]m, p.ref[jɛ]s], ...

]

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## **Research question**: Are the differential effects of phonotactic probability and neighborhood density  present in *production*?

## **Motivation**: Perception-production symmetry? Language specificity? Beyond lab speech?

## **Predicition**: High neighborhood density will *increase* and high phonotactic probability will *decrease* fricative durations.

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# Method

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# Data

Greater Poland Spoken Corpus

68 Speakers; 69,720 Word tokens

[**wa.amu.edu.pl/korpuswlkp**](http://wa.amu.edu.pl/korpuswlkp)

]
]

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# Data extraction

## <img style="float:left" src="theme/praat2.png" /> Transcripts hand-aligned at breath-group level in Praat .ref[(Boersma & Weenink 2016)]
<br><hr><br>
## <img style="float:left" src="theme/labb-cat2.png" />Corpus creation, management and querying with LaBB-CAT .ref[(Fromont & Hay 2012)]

## → Force-aligned at word and phoneme level

## → Fricative initial (.ipa[ɕ ʂ ʑ f s v x z])  `C₁C₂V...`content words

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# Model architecture  (*N* = 2,850)

Mixed-effects linear regression with *lme4* .ref[(Bates et al. 2015)] in <svg style="height:0.8em;top:.04em;position:relative;fill:#76232F;" viewBox="0 0 581 512"><path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"/></svg> .ref[(R Core Team 2019)]

- Response: 
   + `Fricative duration`
- Predictors of theoretical interest: 
   +  `Neighborhood density`, `Phonotactic probability` Phonological CorpusTools .ref[(Hall et al. 2018)]
- Control predictors:
   + `Average speaking rate`, `Rate deviation`, `Gender`, `Word duration`, `Frequency`, `Prefix`, `Stress`
- Random terms:
   + `(1 | Fricative)`, `(1 + Neighborhood  density + Phonotactic probability | Speaker)`

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# Results

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# Divergent effects of Neighb. dens. and Phon. prob.

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# Conclusions

Within the same dataset:

- neighborhood density effect → Lexical level

- phonotactic probability effect → Sublexical level

- the presence of both → Hybrid model of phonology .ref[(Goldinger 2007; Pierrehumbert 2002; Ernestus 2014)]

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# Thank you!

## Neighborhood density and phonotactic probability show differential effects on duration of Polish fricatives

This research was supported by National Science Center (Poland) grant no. UMO-2017/26/D/HS2/00027

<i class="fas  fa-paper-plane "></i> kamil.kazmierski@wa.amu.edu.pl

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# Remaining fixed effects in the model

<table>
 <thead>
  <tr>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> Predictor </th>
   <th style="text-align:right;"> B </th>
   <th style="text-align:left;"> p </th>
  </tr>
 </thead>
<tbody>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Rate deviation </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.038 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> &lt; 0.001 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Average rate </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.049 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> &lt; 0.001 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Gender Male </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.018 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.557 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Word duration </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.920 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> &lt; 0.001 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Frequency </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.005 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> 0.627 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Prefix TRUE </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> -0.117 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> &lt; 0.001 </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> Stress TRUE </td>
   <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.078 </td>
   <td style="text-align:left;"> &lt; 0.001 </td>
  </tr>
</tbody>
</table>